In general, a multitude of metal detector designs have been created - from primitive amateur circuits to professional models, where the 'thinker' can be more complex than the 'brains' controlling the engine in your car. There is enough material here for a separate article, so let's just skim the surface.
First of all, two fundamentally different methods of processing information are distinguished. In analog metal detectors, everything is simple: there is an exceeding of the set signal threshold – we send an audio alert to the headphones. The advantages of such circuits are considered to be their speed, but you will have to master the level of a guru in adjustment and also imagine yourself as an underwater acoustic specialist of a submarine to get the device to do what you need and decode information from it literally by ear. A digital metal detector, roughly speaking, thinks for the owner and therefore may lag a bit between detection and notification. However, this is more than compensated by the ease of use and convenience of adjustment.
The search mode itself can be dynamic and static, with "brakes" being most important for the former. What is the difference? In the first case, detection is only possible with a constant movement of the coil, meaning that the signal will be triggered when the coil passes over the object. In static search mode, the coil can be moved very slowly or kept completely still – but the detector will still indicate whether there is metal beneath it.
An important point when choosing is the depth of detection, which is understandable: the more 'long-range' the detector is, the fewer finds it will miss. A sign of a good detector is the ability to operate at multiple frequencies, each of which is better suited for its own conditions. To maximally filter out false signals, automatic (which is convenient for amateurs) or manual (where a professional might need to tinker) compensation adjustment is very helpful: different soils have different characteristics. To avoid wasting time digging up scrap metal, it is worth paying attention to models with discrimination detection – at the very least, the ability to distinguish 'ferrous' from 'non-ferrous.' Nowadays, even amateur models can directly display the conductivity index of the detected object – and the owner can then decide whether it's worth digging. This is especially important when searching in 'hot' areas – discovering a 'gift from the military,' where the tetryl in the detonator can already 'go off' from an unsuccessful sneeze (which has that nasty feature after a long time). in which the tetryl in the detonator is already capable of 'igniting' from a failed sneeze (and it has this nasty feature when exposed to humidity while in contact with metal), one would not wish it upon the enemy.
A dedicated mode is set up specifically for beach search enthusiasts: in this case, the detector will automatically adjust to a shallow search depth while maintaining high speed and accuracy of detection alerts. And if you are seriously planning to 'work' on the beaches, don't forget about good waterproofing – after all, the most interesting finds are usually at depth.
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